[424] Samsung's patent settlement with Microsoft included an agreement to allocate more resources to developing and marketing phones running Microsoft's Windows Phone operating system. [475], In October 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported that Android will serve as Google's future main laptop operating system, with the plan to fold Chrome OS into it by 2017. The API level requirement might combat practice of app developers bypassing some permission screens by specifying early Android versions that had more coarse permission model. [37] At its developer conference in May 2013, Google announced a special version of the Samsung Galaxy S4, where, instead of using Samsung's own Android customization, the phone ran "stock Android" and was promised to receive new system updates fast. In May 2016, Bloomberg Businessweek reported that Google was making efforts to keep Android more up-to-date, including accelerated rates of security updates, rolling out technological workarounds, reducing requirements for phone testing, and ranking phone makers in an attempt to "shame" them into better behavior. In April 2013, Android had 1.5 million activations per day. [178] Google engineer Patrick Brady once stated in the company's developer conference that "Android is not Linux",[180] with Computerworld adding that "Let me make it simple for you, without Linux, there is no Android". [105] With the advent of the Google Pixel line of devices, Google itself has also made specific Android features timed or permanent exclusives to the Pixel series. [188], Android is a Linux distribution according to the Linux Foundation,[189] Google's open-source chief Chris DiBona,[190] and several journalists. [197][198][199] Research company Canalys estimated in the second quarter of 2009, that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide smartphone shipments. TownNews is a digital media and online publishing company that serves newspapers all across the United States and is tailored to ... ˘ References • Insured 713-201 … [274][275], On October 8, 2018 Google announced new Google Play store requirements to combat over-sharing of potentially sensitive information, including call and text logs. However the "Android" name and logo are trademarks of Google which impose standards to restrict "uncertified" devices outside their ecosystem to use Android branding.[13][14]. ; Linksys introduces versatile line for cordless service", "Original Android Prototype Revealed During Google, Oracle Trial", "This was the original 'Google Phone' presented in 2006", "Google in 2007: 'a touchscreen cannot completely replace physical buttons, "T-Mobile officially announces the G1 Android phone", "Android and its first purchasable product, the T-Mobile G1, celebrate their 8th birthdays today", "Industry Leaders Announce Open Platform for Mobile Devices", "Breaking: Google Announces Android and Open Handset Alliance", "Google's Secret Patent Portfolio Predicts gPhone", "Google's Strong Mobile-Related Patent Portfolio", "Android Nougat: Here's why Google names the OS after sweets", "From Nexus One to Nexus 10: a brief history of Google's flagship devices", "Google turns the Samsung Galaxy S4 into a Nexus phone, coming June 26th for $649", "Review: The HTC One Google Play edition offers the best of both worlds", "Moto G Google Play edition replaces near-stock Android with stock Android", "Don't cry for the Google Play edition program; it was already dead", "Google kills off the last remaining Google Play Edition device in the Play Store", "Android VP Hugo Barra leaves Google, joins Chinese phone maker Xiaomi (updated)", "Google's Android VP Hugo Barra joins Chinese phone maker Xiaomi", "Andy Rubin moved from Android to take on 'moonshots' at Google", "Google is reorganizing and Sundar Pichai will become new CEO", "Google gets an overhaul and a new CEO: Sundar Pichai", "New Google CEO Sundar Pichai Makes First Major Executive Picks", "Sundar Pichai promotes Hiroshi Lockheimer to oversee Android, Chrome OS and Chromecast", "Android 5.0 Lollipop Brings Full SD Card Access for Third-Party Apps", "Android One will help manufacturers build low-cost phones for developing markets", "With Android One, Google is poised to own the entire world", "Google announces 'Android One' standard for affordable devices, arriving first in India at under $100", "Android One smartphones released in India", "Beset With Failures, Google Tries to Breathe New Life Into Android One", "Google will take another shot at low-cost Android One initiative", "Google brings Android One devices to Africa", "Google's New Stab at Boosting Android Brand in U.S.", "Low-cost Android One phones reportedly coming to the US", "Google's new Pixel phones come with Android 7.1 Nougat", "Pixel won't share Google Assistant with other Android phones", "Google Pixel 2 and 2 XL announced with water resistance, 'dual-pixel' camera, and always-on display", "Google pulls Huawei's Android license, forcing it to use open source version", "Google restricts Huawei from using Android: Here's what that could mean for you", "Huawei moves to trademark its own OS while objecting to US ban", "Huawei's Own Smartphone Operating System Reportedly Named HongMeng OS, According to Foreign Sources", "Who Needs Google's Android? This paper. [364][365] It has maintained the plurality since then. [391][392] The usage share of Android on tablets varies a lot by country; still, Android 9.0 Pie is the single version with the greatest usage share in the United States at 28%,[393] while the recent Android 10 version is most widespread in e.g. [306][310], Despite Android's popularity, including an activation rate three times that of iOS, there have been reports that Google has not been able to leverage their other products and web services successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected. 7, 2011", "Gartner Says Sales of Mobile Devices Grew 5.6 Percent in Third Quarter of 2011; Smartphone Sales Increased 42 Percent", "Android Marks Fourth Anniversary Since Launch with 75.0% Market Share in Third Quarter, According to IDC – prUS23771812", "Android Now Seeing 550,000 Activations Per Day", "Google activates 500,000 Android devices a day, may reach 1 million in October", "Android: momentum, mobile and more at Google I/O", "500 million devices activated globally, and over 1.3 million added every single day", "Eric Schmidt: Google now at 1.5 million Android activations per day", "Google: 900 million Android activations to date, 48 billion app installs", "ComScore: Android tops 52 percent of US smartphone share, iPhone cracks the 33 percent mark", "Report: Android Rises to 90% of Smartphone Market in China", "BBC Google activations and downloads update May 2013", "Just back from a whirlwind trip to Asia visiting our…", "Number of available applications in the Google Play Store from December 2009 to March 2020", "Android users have installed more than 65 billion apps from Google Play in the last year", "Google just bought itself patent protection", "Google Android Now on 135 Million Devices", "iPhone market share shrinks as Android, Windows Phone grow", "Global smartphone sales by operating system 2009–2016, by quarter", "Gartner Says Annual Smartphone Sales Surpassed Sales of Feature Phones for the First Time in 2013", "Gartner Says Worldwide Traditional PC, Tablet, Ultramobile and Mobile Phone Shipments On Pace to Grow 7.6 Percent in 2014", "Gartner Says Sales of Tablets Will Represent Less Than 10 Percent of All Devices in 2014: Smartphones to Represent 71 Percent of the Global Mobile Phone Market in 2014: Android Device Shipments to Reach One Billion in Emerging Markets in 2015", "Tablet Sales Growth Plummets In 2014 As Android Smartphones Continue To Soar: Gartner", "Global PC Shipments Exceed Forecast with Mild Improvement in Consumer Demand, While Apple Moves to #5 Spot, According to IDC", "This Chart Shows Google's Incredible Domination Of The World's Computing Platforms", "Mobile/Tablet Browser Market Share by OS", "StatCounter Global Stats – Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share", "Global Stats – Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share", "Google hoping to lure smaller manufacturers to Google's Android, over AOSP", "Tablet Sales Continue to Be Slow in 2015: Tablet Sales to Reach 8 Percent Growth in 2015 While PC Market to Grow 1 Percent", "Installed base of smartphones by operating system in 2015 (in million units)", "Market share of smartphone OS of total smartphone installed base in 2013 and 2014", "Replacement Demand to Boost PC Sales in 2015, says Strategy Analytics: More than 70 percent of Developed Market Households Will Continue to Own PCs through 2018", "Android Vs. iOS: What's The Most Popular Mobile Operating System In Your Country? Media culture: Cultural studies, identity and politics between the modern and the postmodern. [378] According to International Data Corporation, shipments of Android-powered tablets surpassed iPads in Q3 2012. Applications remember the grants, which can be revoked by the user at any time. [402] Android "Jelly Bean" introduced the ability for paid applications to be encrypted, so that they may work only on the device for which they were purchased.[403][404]. [citation needed]. [209] CyanogenMod was the most widely used community firmware,[210] now discontinued and succeeded by LineageOS.[211]. [265][266], In September 2014, Jason Nova of Android Authority reported on a study by the German security company Fraunhofer AISEC in antivirus software and malware threats on Android. In general, paid Android applications can easily be pirated. Moreover, open-source variants of some applications also exclude functions that are present in their non-free versions. For example, Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their Open Kernel Labs acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened microvisor for the "Knox" project. [196] In versions no longer supported, until version 5.0 when ART took over, Android previously used Dalvik as a process virtual machine with trace-based just-in-time (JIT) compilation to run Dalvik "dex-code" (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from the Java bytecode. Standards Track [Page 103]. [414], In 2013, FairSearch, a lobbying organization supported by Microsoft, Oracle and others, filed a complaint regarding Android with the European Commission, alleging that its free-of-charge distribution model constituted anti-competitive predatory pricing. [57] Plans to relaunch Android One surfaced in August 2015,[58] with Africa announced as the next location for the program a week later. [153] Except for devices within the Google Nexus and Pixel brands, updates have often arrived months after the release of the new version, or not at all. [436][437] Additionally, by providing infrastructure that combines dedicated hardware and dedicated applications running on regular Android, Google have opened up the platform for its use in particular usage scenarios, such as Android Auto for cars,[438][439] and Daydream, a Virtual Reality platform. However, as community-developed software has grown more popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United States that permits the "jailbreaking" of mobile devices,[213] manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding third party development, with some, including HTC,[212] Motorola,[214] Samsung[215][216] and Sony,[217] providing support and encouraging development. [246][247], Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, encountered as phone users move around, to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points. Standards Track [Page 53], Schulzrinne, et al. [147][148] Android's source code does not contain the device drivers, often proprietary, that are needed for certain hardware components. [38] The device would become the start of the Google Play edition program, and was followed by other devices, including the HTC One Google Play edition,[39] and Moto G Google Play edition. Wireless carriers were described in the report as the "most challenging discussions", due to their slow approval time while testing on their networks, despite some carriers, including Verizon Wireless and Sprint Corporation, already shortening their approval times. Some hardware components are not required, but became standard in certain classes of devices, such as smartphones, and additional requirements apply if they are present. Project Treble separates the vendor implementation (device-specific, lower-level software written by silicon manufacturers) from the Android OS framework via a new "vendor interface". Standards Track [Page 19], Schulzrinne, et al. Standards Track [Page 46], Schulzrinne, et al. ", "Powerful, pure Android handsets (roundup)", "Android 4.1 Jelly Bean source code now available", "Android 4.1 Jelly Bean source code released", "We'll get a major Android release every year from now on: Android M tomorrow, Android N in 2016", "Android fragmentation: one developer encounters 3,997 devices", "Solving the impossible problem of Android updates", "The latest Android delay is why I'm sticking to iPhone", "What happened to the Android Update Alliance? [126] Since 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones[127] and tablets. Standards Track [Page 6], Schulzrinne, et al. In a further effort for persuasion, Google shared a list of top phone makers measured by updated devices with its Android partners, and is considering making the list public.[when?] ", "Google is 'very committed' to Chrome OS after Android merger reports", "Android End of Life policy – Chrome for Work and Education Help", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Android_(operating_system)&oldid=1009065468, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Pages with login required references or sources, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2021, All Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed, Wikipedia articles needing words, phrases or quotes attributed from April 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from November 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from November 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2013, Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2016, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2021, Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 February 2021, at 15:04. [251] Avast Threat Labs also discovered that many pre-installed apps of new Android device that containing dangerous malware and adware on several hundred different Android device models and versions. With more than 1 billion users in 180 countries, WhatsApp is the world’s favorite messaging app.. Facebook’s acquisition of WhatsApp in 2014 left privacy experts and security-conscious users concerned. Only the base Android operating system (including some applications) is open-source software, whereas most Android devices ship with a substantial amount of proprietary software, such as Google Mobile Services, which includes applications such as Google Play Store, Google Search, and Google Play Services – a software layer that provides APIs for the integration with Google-provided services, among others. [22] Its key employees, including Rubin, Miner, Sears, and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Google responded that the tool, especially its initial release, was intended as a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on their needs, not as a finished piracy solution. [154] Manufacturers often prioritize their newest devices and leave old ones behind. As such, security has become a big issue. [160] The Guardian complained that the method of distribution for updates is complicated only because manufacturers and carriers have designed it that way. In Android 7.0 and earlier, no formal vendor interface exists, so device makers must update large portions of the Android code to move a device to a newer version of the operating system. Standards Track [Page 79], Schulzrinne, et al. Standards Track [Page 22], Schulzrinne, et al. [105] A prominent example of such an Android fork is Amazon's Fire OS, which is used on the Kindle Fire line of tablets, and oriented toward Amazon services. [360][361] This had grown to 87.5% worldwide market share by the third quarter of 2016,[362] leaving main competitor iOS with 12.1% market share. ", "Android and Users' Freedom – Support the Free Your Android campaign", "Huawei confirms the new Mate 30 Pro won't come with Google's Android apps", "Phonemakers make Android China-friendly", "How China rips off the iPhone and reinvents Android", "New Android OEM licensing terms leak; "Open" comes with a lot of restrictions", "Google starts blocking "uncertified" Android devices from logging in", "Android 4.4 Factory Images Now Available for Nexus 4, 7 (2012 and 2013), and 10", "The Nexus 5's "exclusive" launcher suspiciously receives support for other devices", "Neither Microsoft, Nokia, nor anyone else should fork Android. Standards Track [Page 94], Schulzrinne, et al. [470] In 2013, Clarion released its own Android-based car stereo, the AX1. [324] In September 2012, 500 million devices had been activated with 1.3 million activations per day. As of 2020[update], Android uses versions 4.4, 4.9 or 4.14 of the Linux kernel. [314] However, OpenSignal, who develops both Android and iOS apps, concluded that although fragmentation can make development trickier, Android's wider global reach also increases the potential reward.[313]. [165][166][167], In May 2017, with the announcement of Android 8.0, Google introduced Project Treble, a major re-architect of the Android OS framework designed to make it easier, faster, and less costly for manufacturers to update devices to newer versions of Android. [320] In the US it became the top-selling platform in April 2011, overtaking BlackBerry OS with a 31.2% smartphone share, according to comScore. [184] Google maintains a public code repository that contains their experimental work to re-base Android off the latest stable Linux versions. [373][377], This began to change in 2012, with the release of the affordable Nexus 7 and a push by Google for developers to write better tablet applications. These have been cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others. [145] The AOSP code can be found without modification on select devices, mainly the former Nexus and current Android One series of devices. At Google I/O in May 2016, Google announced Daydream, a virtual reality platform that relies on a smartphone and provides VR capabilities through a virtual reality headset and controller designed by Google itself. 1 U.S. smartphone OS – Mar. [45][46] Pichai himself would eventually switch positions, becoming the new CEO of Google in August 2015 following the company's restructure into the Alphabet conglomerate,[47][48] making Hiroshi Lockheimer the new head of Android. ", "The Google Pixel will get bigger, more regular software updates you might actually remember", "Google Pixel exclusive features explored: A cut above the rest of Android? Development of the Linux kernel continues independently of Android's other source code projects. [212] Moreover, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features, such as tethering, for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium. ", "Garrett's LinuxCon Talk Emphasizes Lessons Learned from Android/Kernel Saga", "Linux developer explains Android kernel code removal", "DiBona: Google will hire two Android coders to work with kernel.org", "Dream(sheep++): A developer's introduction to Google Android", "Linus Torvalds on Android, the Linux fork", "Android drivers to be included in Linux 3.3 kernel", "Google Working On Android Based On Linux 3.8", "Google working on experimental Linux Kernel 3.10 for Android", "Android Partitions Explained: boot, system, recovery, data, cache & misc", "Android malware gives itself root access | News", "What a Year for Linux: Please Join us in Celebration", "Google: "Android is the Linux desktop dream come true, "Is Android really a Linux distribution? [79] Android 10 was released on September 3, 2019 to Google Pixel phones first. [15][107] As of July 2013[update], 50 billion applications have been installed. Some of the preinstalled malwares can commit ad fraud, or even take over its host device. This made it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android,[193] until version r5 of the Android Native Development Kit brought support for applications written completely in C or C++. [17] The early intentions of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras, and this was the basis of its pitch to investors in April 2004. [239] Following news of Google's monthly schedule, some manufacturers, including Samsung and LG, promised to issue monthly security updates,[240] but, as noted by Jerry Hildenbrand in Android Central in February 2016, "instead we got a few updates on specific versions of a small handful of models. [180], In August 2011, Linus Torvalds said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years". [276][277], The source code for Android is open-source: it is developed in private by Google, with the source code released publicly when a new version of Android is released. Standards Track [Page 56], Schulzrinne, et al. [23] Google had "lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation". [41][42], From 2008 to 2013, Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson, representing Android at press conferences and Google I/O, Google's annual developer-focused conference.
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